The origin and evolution of Cambrian brachiopods and their phylogenetic relationships with lophotrochozoans from the Chengjiang Fauna
- Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition) Vol. 53, Issue 6, Pages: 857-885(2023)
- 作者机构：
1.西北大学 地质学系/大陆动力学国家重点实验室 陕西省早期生命与环境重点实验室，陕西 西安 710069
2.中国科学院南京地质与古生物研究所，江苏 南京 210008
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：国家自然科学基金重大项目(41890844);国家杰出青年科学基金(41425008);国家自然科学基金国际（地区）合作与交流项目(41720104002);国家自然科学基金创新群体(41621003);高等学校学科创新引智计划(D17013)
DOI：10.16152/j.cnki.xdxbzr.2023-06-001
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ZHANG Zhifei, LIANG Yue, LIU Fan, et al. The origin and evolution of Cambrian brachiopods and their phylogenetic relationships with lophotrochozoans from the Chengjiang Fauna. [J]. Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition) 53(6):857-885(2023)
ZHANG Zhifei, LIANG Yue, LIU Fan, et al. The origin and evolution of Cambrian brachiopods and their phylogenetic relationships with lophotrochozoans from the Chengjiang Fauna. [J]. Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition) 53(6):857-885(2023) DOI： 10.16152/j.cnki.xdxbzr.2023-06-001.
摘要
寒武纪大爆发是地球动物门类爆发性出现和地球生态系统演化发生转折的重要时期。自此，地球海洋生态系统从前寒武纪菌藻类支撑的2极食物链生态系统转变为动物消费驱动的3极食物链生态系统，成为地球隐生宙和显生宙的分水岭，是研究和探索显生宙地球宜居性演化的关键。寒武纪大爆发以地球海洋突然大量、快速出现的两侧动物和矿化壳体为标志。这些帽状、管状的壳体化石，除了少量蜕皮类，大多数属于不明亲缘关系的冠轮动物。因此，寒武纪早期冠轮动物的起源与谱系演化是古生物学乃至现代生物学颇具争议的热门研究课题之一。腕足动物是地质历史上化石保存最为丰富、地史延限最长的冠轮动物重要分支类群，是寒武纪演化动物群的核心代表，其研究对于了解古生态学、古地理学和地球生物宏演化具有十分重要的意义。目前对于腕足动物起源存在多种假说，主要包括帚虫状祖先起源、蛤氏虫起源、托莫特壳起源和胶结质椎管状触手冠动物起源等假说。该文以寒武纪腕足动物起源为主线，以化石系统实证或证伪国内外腕足动物起源假说为目的，全面总结了寒武纪腕足动物化石生物学的重要发现和认识，探讨了地球已知最早的内肛动物、笼头虫和分节的威瓦西虫，以及胶结质椎管状腕足动物玉玕囊形贝发现对揭示寒武纪腕足动物起源和冠轮动物多样性及其谱系演化的重要意义。然而，寒武纪大爆发与腕足动物起源的诸多研究问题远未解决，因此在后续研究中，结合多种埋藏相（包括特异型化石库和碳酸盐岩赋存的壳体化石），对于多门类冠轮动物化石开展综合解剖学和壳体显微结构对比研究，尤其是动物壳体矿化类型和显微结构的精细研究，是解决腕足动物乃至冠轮动物超门起源与演化问题的关键。
Abstract
The Cambrian Explosion represents an important geological period in which major metazoan phyla appeared abruptly and the Earth’s ecosystems underwent a significant shift. Since then, the marine ecosystem on Earth has transitioned from a 2-trophic-level ecosystem during Precambrian to a 3-trophic-level ecosystem driven by animal consumption. This transition has become a key area of research for understanding the early evolution of the Earth habitability during the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cambrian Explosion is also marked by the sudden and rapid appearance of abundant bilateral animals with mineralized shells in the marine ecosystem. These cap-shaped and tubular shell fossils mostly belong to lophotrochozoans with uncertain biological affinities. Therefore, the origin and phylogenetic evolution of early Cambrian lophotrochozoans, especially those in the early Cambrian, are of highly debated topics in paleobiology and even modern evolutionary biology. Brachiopods are an important group of lophotrochozoans with rich fossil occurrences through the entire Phanerozoic. They constitute a major component of the Cambrian evolutionary fauna, and thus have significant implications for our understanding of paleoecology, paleogeography, and macroevolution of animals on Earth. As for the origin of Cambrian brachiopods, the Brachiopoda Fold Hypothesis (i.e. ,Halkieria, model), phoronid-like animal hypothesis, tommotiids’origin story, and the agglutinated tubular lophophorate hypothesis are proposed, and await further testing by additional fossils. This paper focuses on the origin of Cambrian brachiopods, systematically discusses various hypotheses and comprehensively summarizes recent discoveries in fossils, as well as explores the significant implications of the discovery of the earliest entoprocts, cage worms, and segmented ,Wiwaxia, as well as the agglutinated ,Yuganotheca elegan, for understanding the origin of brachiopods and their phylogenetic relationships and evolution within lophotrochozoans. Nevertheless, many questions regarding the issues on the brachiopods’ origins and Cambrian Explosion are yet to be resolved. Therefore, it is crucial to integrate multiple preservation types of fossil lophotrochozoans, collected from various types of depositional environments (exceptional preservation in shales and small shelly fossils in carbonates), so as to conduct comprehensive and comparative studies of the anatomies of soft bodied fossils and their relative biomineralized shell valves. These comparative studies will play a key role in tracing the origin of brachiopods and their phylogenetic relationship with other lophotrochozoans within all the metazoans.
关键词
腕足动物冠轮动物系统发生学生物矿化寒武纪大爆发
Keywords
brachiopodslophotrochozoanphylogeneticsbiomineralizationCambrian Explosion
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