Research on the trade-off relationship between soil nutrients and heavy metals based on exploratory factor analysis

YANG Yang; XIE Guohao; CHEN Weiping

doi:10.16152/j.cnki.xdxbzr.2025-06-010

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Research on the trade-off relationship between soil nutrients and heavy metals based on exploratory factor analysis

更新时间：2026-01-02

- Research on the trade-off relationship between soil nutrients and heavy metals based on exploratory factor analysis
- Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition) Vol. 55, Issue 6, Pages: 1320-1328(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  中国科学院　生态环境研究中心　区域与城市生态安全全国重点实验室，北京　100085
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.16152/j.cnki.xdxbzr.2025-06-010
  CLC： X53
- Received：20 August 2025，
  
  Published：25 December 2025
- 稿件说明：
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YANG Yang, XIE Guohao, CHEN Weiping. Research on the trade-off relationship between soil nutrients and heavy metals based on exploratory factor analysis[J]. Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition), 2025, 55(6): 1320-1328.
DOI：

YANG Yang, XIE Guohao, CHEN Weiping. Research on the trade-off relationship between soil nutrients and heavy metals based on exploratory factor analysis[J]. Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition), 2025, 55(6): 1320-1328. DOI： 10.16152/j.cnki.xdxbzr.2025-06-010.

摘要

对土壤养分与重金属元素动态交互关系的解析是保障农田土壤可持续安全利用的关键一环。当前研究多聚焦土壤有机质或单一重金属污染物，难以有效量化土壤肥力提升过程中的重金属累积风险，且缺乏对不同农田管理措施长期应用效果的可持续性评估方法。该文以我国典型黑土区为例，应用探索性因子分析方法（EFAM）整合21项土壤理化指标，结合情境模拟定量解析土壤养分与重金属元素的动态交互关系。结果表明，区域土壤养分可以根据3个土壤因子来识别：土壤有机质、土壤速效养分和土壤养分缓冲结构。耦合富集因子（EF）进行情境分析发现，与传统耕作情境相比，高强度农业耕作情境下土壤有机质和速效磷分别增加了13.1%和38.3%，但土壤镉（Cd）含量显著增加74.8%。进一步的长时段模拟显示，未来50年高强度农业耕作情境下区域土壤Cd含量从0.17 mg·kg

-1

增加到0.40 mg·kg

-1

。研究表明，区域磷肥的长期过量施用会导致土壤养分盈余并造成Cd持续累积，保持土壤有效磷适宜水平是平衡养分利用与污染风险的关键。探索性因子分析方法和情境模拟手段的联合应用有助于提升区域农田土壤长效保护决策的科学性。

Abstract

Deciphering the dynamic interactions between soil nutrients and heavy metals is a key step to ensuring the sustainable and safe use of agricultural soils. Current studies mainly focus on soil organic matter or a single heavy metal pollutant

which makes it difficult to effectively quantify the risk of heavy metal accumulation during soil fertility improvement

and lack methods to evaluate the long-term sustainability of different farmland management practices. In this study

a typical black soil region in China was taken as an example. An exploratory factor analysis method (EFAM) was applied to integrate 21 soil physicochemical indicators

and scenario simulations were employed to quantitatively analyze the dynamic interactions between soil nutrients and heavy metals. Results showed that soil nutrients can be characterized based on three soil factors: soil organic matter

soil available nutrients

and soil nutrient buffering structure. By classifyi

ng agricultural intensity scenarios using the enrichment factor

it was found that fertilization enhanced the level of available nutrients and significantly increased soil organic matter and available phosphorus by 13.1% and 38.3%

respectively. However

the soil Cd concentration in the high-intensity agricultural scenario (HS) significantly increased by 74.8% compared to the traditional agricultural area (TS). Further long-term simulations indicated that under high-intensity farming scenarios

soil Cd concentrations would increase from 0.17 mg·kg

-1

to 0.40 mg·kg

-1

over the next 50 years. The study demonstrated that long-term excessive application of phosphate fertilizers leads to nutrient surpluses and continuous Cd accumulation

whereas maintaining appropriate levels of soil available phosphorus is a key to balancing nutrient utilization and pollution risk. The combined application of EFAM and scenario simulation provides a scientific basis for enhancing the long-term protection and sustainable management of agricultural soils.

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