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1.河南省文物考古研究院,河南 郑州 450000
2.复旦大学 文物与博物馆学系,上海 200433
3.大同市博物馆,山西 大同 037000
4.北京大学 考古文博学院,北京 100871
李艳红,女,博士研究生,馆员,从事不可移动文物保护研究,alicia_lyh@163.com。
周双林,男,副教授,博士生导师,从事不可移动文物保护研究,zslin@pku.edu.cn。
收稿:2025-10-15,
修回:2025-12-10,
纸质出版:2026-04-25
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李艳红, 刘轩成, 闫海涛, 等. 土遗址开裂机理及形态研究[J]. 西北大学学报(自然科学版), 2026,56(2):252-263.
LI Yanhong, LIU Xuancheng, YAN Haitao, et al. The cracking mechanism and morphology of earthen archaeological sites[J]. Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition), 2026, 56(2): 252-263.
李艳红, 刘轩成, 闫海涛, 等. 土遗址开裂机理及形态研究[J]. 西北大学学报(自然科学版), 2026,56(2):252-263. DOI: 10.16152/j.cnki.xdxbzr.2026-02-004.
LI Yanhong, LIU Xuancheng, YAN Haitao, et al. The cracking mechanism and morphology of earthen archaeological sites[J]. Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition), 2026, 56(2): 252-263. DOI: 10.16152/j.cnki.xdxbzr.2026-02-004.
调查了国内不同环境下土遗址的开裂状况,试图探究遗址开裂与土体性质之间的关系。对各遗址土样的物理性质、水理性质、化学组成及微观结构等进行检测,并在实验室对其进行自然环境下的开裂模拟试验,使用Matlab软件定量表征遗址土的开裂特征。结果表明,干旱环境下的土遗址以龟裂缝为主,影响遗址的展示;潮湿环境下的土遗址裂缝宽度大且深,严重影响遗址的安全性。结合土的物性参数分析发现,土的颗粒组成和矿物组成是遗址土体开裂发生的决定性因素,遗址的含水量变化是土体开裂的引发条件;黏粒组含量尤其是蒙脱石的含量越高,越易形成开裂;土的水理性质和微观组成是土颗粒组成和矿物组成的体现。室内的开裂模拟试验和现场开裂形态一致,Matlab定量结果显示苏家垄遗址和河伯所遗址裂隙率最高。因此,在遗址发掘初期,建议先分析土体性质,预估含水量降低过程中可能出现的状态,以预防遗址发掘中出现的因土体开裂导致的坍塌现象。
This study investigates the cracking patterns of archaeological sites under different domestic environmental conditions. The research further explores the correlation between soil properties and cracking mechanisms. Comprehensive analyses were conducted on soil properties including physical characteristics
hydrophysical behaviors
chemical composition
and microstructural features. Simulated cracking experiments under natural environment were performed in laboratory settings
with quantitative characterization of soil cracking characteristics achieved through Matlab software. The results indicate that archaeological sites in arid environments are predominantly characterized by mud cracks
which primarily affect site presentation
while those in humid environments develop wider and deeper fissures that critically endanger structural stability. Soil particle composition and mineralogical constituents were identified as predominant factors governing cracking susceptibility
with moisture content variation serving as the triggering condition. Notably
elevated clay content
particularly montmorillonite concentration
significantly enhances cracking potential. The hydrophysical properties and microstructural characteristics essentially reflect the combined effects of particle and mineral compositions. Laboratory simulations successfully replicated field-observed cracking patterns
with Matlab quantification revealing the highest crack ratios at Sujialong and Hebosuo sites. Consequently
preliminary soil property analysis is recommended during early excavation phases to predict desiccation-induced structural responses
thereby preventing collapse caused by soil cracking.
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